Farming Calendar

Seeds

Tomato

Botanic Name: Solanum lycopersicum
Growing: Nursery 4–6 weeks, transplant 50 cm apart
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, moderate watering
Maturity: 70–90 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fresh, sauces
Value Addition: Ketchup, canned, juice

Cabbage

Botanic Name: Brassica oleracea var. capitata
Growing: Nursery 4–6 weeks, transplant 30–40 cm apart
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, consistent watering
Maturity: 75–90 days
Preservation: Cool storage
Uses: Cooking, salads
Value Addition: Sauerkraut, juice, packaged salads

Maize

Botanic Name: Zea mays
Growing: Direct sowing, 75 cm rows
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, moderate irrigation
Maturity: 90–120 days
Preservation: Dry storage
Uses: Flour, meal, food products
Value Addition: Cornmeal, popcorn, canned corn

Beans

Botanic Name: Phaseolus vulgaris
Growing: Direct sowing, 5–10 cm spacing
Soil/Water: Well-drained loam, moderate irrigation
Maturity: 50–70 days
Preservation: Drying or refrigeration
Uses: Cooking, soups
Value Addition: Canned beans, flour, snacks

Carrot

Botanic Name: Daucus carota
Growing: Direct sowing, thin seedlings 5 cm apart
Soil/Water: Loose loamy soil, regular watering
Maturity: 70–90 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Cooking, salads, juice
Value Addition: Baby carrots, canned, powder

Spinach

Botanic Name: Spinacia oleracea
Growing: Direct sowing 5 cm apart
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, regular watering
Maturity: 35–45 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Cooking, salads
Value Addition: Frozen packs, juice

Onion

Botanic Name: Allium cepa
Growing: Nursery or direct sowing
Soil/Water: Well-drained, fertile soil, moderate water
Maturity: 90–120 days
Preservation: Dry storage
Uses: Cooking
Value Addition: Powder, flakes, pickles

Garlic

Botanic Name: Allium sativum
Growing: Cloves planted 10 cm apart
Soil/Water: Well-drained soil, moderate irrigation
Maturity: 90–120 days
Preservation: Dry storage, refrigeration
Uses: Cooking, seasoning
Value Addition: Powder, paste, oil

Watermelon

Botanic Name: Citrullus lanatus
Growing: Direct sowing 1 m apart
Soil/Water: Sandy, full sun, frequent watering
Maturity: 70–90 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fresh fruit, juice
Value Addition: Juice, salads

Pepper

Botanic Name: Capsicum annuum
Growing: Nursery 6–8 weeks, transplant
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, moderate irrigation
Maturity: 60–90 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Cooking, seasoning
Value Addition: Powder, sauces

Okra

Botanic Name: Abelmoschus esculentus
Growing: Direct sowing 30–40 cm apart
Soil/Water: Well-drained loam, moderate water
Maturity: 50–60 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Cooking, soups
Value Addition: Frozen, canned

Cucumber

Botanic Name: Cucumis sativus
Growing: Direct sowing, trellis support
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, frequent watering
Maturity: 50–70 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Salads, pickles
Value Addition: Pickled, canned, juice

Melon

Botanic Name: Cucumis melo
Growing: Direct sowing 60–80 cm apart
Soil/Water: Sandy loam, full sun, moderate water
Maturity: 70–90 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fresh fruit, juice
Value Addition: Juice, jams

Sweet Potato

Botanic Name: Ipomoea batatas
Growing: Vine cuttings 30 cm apart
Soil/Water: Well-drained, sandy loam
Maturity: 90–120 days
Preservation: Cool, dry storage
Uses: Cooking, baking
Value Addition: Chips, flour

Groundnut / Peanut

Botanic Name: Arachis hypogaea
Growing: Direct sowing, 50 cm spacing
Soil/Water: Sandy, well-drained soil
Maturity: 90–120 days
Preservation: Drying, cool storage
Uses: Cooking, snacks
Value Addition: Peanut butter, oil

Pumpkin

Botanic Name: Cucurbita pepo
Growing: Direct sowing, 1 m apart
Soil/Water: Loamy, well-drained, moderate water
Maturity: 90–110 days
Preservation: Cool storage
Uses: Cooking, pies
Value Addition: Pumpkin puree, canned

Lettuce

Botanic Name: Lactuca sativa
Growing: Nursery 3–4 weeks, transplant
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, regular watering
Maturity: 45–60 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Salads
Value Addition: Packaged salads

Broccoli

Botanic Name: Brassica oleracea var. italica
Growing: Nursery 4–6 weeks, transplant 50 cm apart
Soil/Water: Fertile, well-drained, regular water
Maturity: 60–100 days
Preservation: Cool storage
Uses: Cooking, salads
Value Addition: Frozen packs

Cauliflower

Botanic Name: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Growing: Nursery 4–6 weeks, transplant 45 cm apart
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, moderate watering
Maturity: 65–90 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Cooking, salads
Value Addition: Frozen, canned

Eggplant / Aubergine

Botanic Name: Solanum melongena
Growing: Nursery 6–8 weeks, transplant 60 cm apart
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, regular watering
Maturity: 70–90 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Cooking
Value Addition: Canned, dried, sauces

Sweet Corn

Botanic Name: Zea mays var. saccharata
Growing: Direct sowing 75 cm rows
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, moderate water
Maturity: 60–80 days
Preservation: Refrigeration or freezing
Uses: Fresh, cooking
Value Addition: Canned, frozen

Sorghum

Botanic Name: Sorghum bicolor
Growing: Direct sowing, 30–40 cm spacing
Soil/Water: Loamy or sandy, moderate water
Maturity: 90–120 days
Preservation: Dry storage
Uses: Food, fodder
Value Addition: Flour, syrup

Millet

Botanic Name: Pennisetum glaucum
Growing: Direct sowing, 25–30 cm spacing
Soil/Water: Well-drained, low irrigation
Maturity: 60–90 days
Preservation: Dry storage
Uses: Food, porridge
Value Addition: Flour, snacks

Pumpkin Leaves

Botanic Name: Cucurbita pepo
Growing: Direct sowing 1 m apart
Soil/Water: Loamy, moderate water
Maturity: 50–70 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Cooking
Value Addition: Frozen packs

Lettuce Green

Botanic Name: Lactuca sativa
Growing: Nursery 3–4 weeks, transplant
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, regular water
Maturity: 45–55 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Salads
Value Addition: Packaged salads

Kale

Botanic Name: Brassica oleracea var. sabellica
Growing: Nursery 4–6 weeks, transplant
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, moderate water
Maturity: 60–80 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Cooking, smoothies
Value Addition: Frozen packs

Spinach Baby

Botanic Name: Spinacia oleracea
Growing: Direct sowing 5 cm apart
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, regular water
Maturity: 30–40 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Salads, smoothies
Value Addition: Frozen, juice packs

Beetroot

Botanic Name: Beta vulgaris
Growing: Direct sowing, 5–10 cm spacing
Soil/Water: Loamy, well-drained
Maturity: 50–70 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Cooking, juice
Value Addition: Powder, juice

Radish

Botanic Name: Raphanus sativus
Growing: Direct sowing, 5–10 cm apart
Soil/Water: Loamy, frequent watering
Maturity: 25–40 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Salads, cooking
Value Addition: Pickled, frozen

Chicory

Botanic Name: Cichorium intybus
Growing: Nursery or direct sowing
Soil/Water: Well-drained loam, moderate water
Maturity: 70–80 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Salads, coffee substitute
Value Addition: Dried, powdered

Pumpkin Red

Botanic Name: Cucurbita maxima
Growing: Direct sowing 1 m apart
Soil/Water: Well-drained loam, moderate water
Maturity: 90–110 days
Preservation: Cool dry storage
Uses: Cooking, pies
Value Addition: Puree, canned, juice

Watermelon Sugar Baby

Botanic Name: Citrullus lanatus
Growing: Direct sowing 1 m apart, full sun
Soil/Water: Sandy loam, frequent water
Maturity: 70 days
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fresh fruit, juice
Value Addition: Juice, salads

Mango Seedling

Botanic Name: Mangifera indica
Growing: Nursery 12–16 months, transplant
Soil/Water: Deep loam, moderate water
Maturity: 3–5 years
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fruit, juice, dried
Value Addition: Mango juice, jam, dried fruit

Orange Seedling

Botanic Name: Citrus sinensis
Growing: Nursery 6–12 months, transplant
Soil/Water: Loamy soil, well-drained
Maturity: 2–3 years
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Juice, fresh fruit
Value Addition: Juice, marmalade

Apple Seedling

Botanic Name: Malus domestica
Growing: Nursery 1–2 years, transplant
Soil/Water: Well-drained loam
Maturity: 3–4 years
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fresh, cooking
Value Addition: Juice, jam, dried slices

Banana

Botanic Name: Musa spp.
Growing: Suckers or tissue culture, 2–3 m apart
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, frequent watering
Maturity: 9–12 months
Preservation: Cool storage
Uses: Fresh fruit, cooking
Value Addition: Chips, flour, juice

Pineapple

Botanic Name: Ananas comosus
Growing: Crowns or suckers, 30–40 cm apart
Soil/Water: Well-drained loam, moderate water
Maturity: 18–24 months
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fresh fruit, juice
Value Addition: Canned, juice, dried

Pawpaw / Papaya

Botanic Name: Carica papaya
Growing: Seeds or grafting, 2–3 m apart
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, regular water
Maturity: 9–12 months
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fresh fruit, juice
Value Addition: Juice, dried, jam

Avocado

Botanic Name: Persea americana
Growing: Nursery 1–2 years, transplant
Soil/Water: Well-drained loam, moderate water
Maturity: 3–4 years
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fresh fruit, cooking
Value Addition: Guacamole, oil, smoothies

Pawpaw Seeds

Botanic Name: Carica papaya
Growing: Direct sowing 2 m apart
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, regular water
Maturity: 6–9 months
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fruit production
Value Addition: Juice, dried

Avocado Seeds

Botanic Name: Persea americana
Growing: Direct sowing or nursery
Soil/Water: Well-drained soil, moderate water
Maturity: 3–4 years
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Tree propagation
Value Addition: Oil, smoothies

Passion Fruit

Botanic Name: Passiflora edulis
Growing: Nursery 2–3 months, transplant
Soil/Water: Well-drained loam, moderate irrigation
Maturity: 6–9 months
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Juice, fresh fruit
Value Addition: Juice concentrate, jam

Guava

Botanic Name: Psidium guajava
Growing: Nursery 1–2 years, transplant
Soil/Water: Loamy, well-drained, moderate water
Maturity: 2–3 years
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fresh fruit, juice
Value Addition: Jam, juice, dried

Papaya Dwarf

Botanic Name: Carica papaya
Growing: Nursery, transplant 1.5–2 m apart
Soil/Water: Fertile, well-drained
Maturity: 6–9 months
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fresh fruit, juice
Value Addition: Juice, dried, jam

Cashew

Botanic Name: Anacardium occidentale
Growing: Nursery 6–12 months, transplant
Soil/Water: Sandy loam, moderate water
Maturity: 3–5 years
Preservation: Dry storage
Uses: Nuts, juice
Value Addition: Roasted, oil, juice

Coconut

Botanic Name: Cocos nucifera
Growing: Seedling transplant, 8–10 m spacing
Soil/Water: Sandy loam, regular water
Maturity: 5–7 years
Preservation: Dry storage
Uses: Oil, milk, water
Value Addition: Oil, copra, coconut water

Cashew Nut Seeds

Botanic Name: Anacardium occidentale
Growing: Direct sowing, 8–10 m apart
Soil/Water: Sandy loam, moderate water
Maturity: 3–5 years
Preservation: Dry storage
Uses: Nuts production
Value Addition: Roasted, oil

Pawpaw Hybrid

Botanic Name: Carica papaya
Growing: Nursery or grafting, 1.5–2 m apart
Soil/Water: Fertile loam, moderate water
Maturity: 6–9 months
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Fresh fruit, juice
Value Addition: Juice, jam, dried

Lemon

Botanic Name: Citrus limon
Growing: Nursery 1 year, transplant
Soil/Water: Well-drained loam
Maturity: 2–3 years
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Juice, fresh
Value Addition: Juice concentrate, zest

Lime

Botanic Name: Citrus aurantiifolia
Growing: Nursery 1 year, transplant
Soil/Water: Well-drained loam
Maturity: 2–3 years
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Juice, flavoring
Value Addition: Juice concentrate, zest

Animal Breeds

Broiler Chicken

Type: Meat breed
Growing: 6–8 weeks to maturity
Housing: Well-ventilated brooder, clean environment
Feed: Protein-rich diet
Preservation: Refrigeration after slaughter
Uses: Meat production
Value Addition: Processed meat, nuggets, sausages

Layer Chicken

Type: Egg-laying breed
Growing: 18–22 weeks to start laying
Housing: Proper lighting, nesting boxes
Feed: Balanced layer feed
Preservation: Eggs stored cool, dry
Uses: Egg production
Value Addition: Boiled eggs, egg powder, bakery products

Local Chicken

Type: Indigenous breed
Growing: Free-range, hardy
Housing: Minimal, safe shelter
Feed: Kitchen scraps, grains
Preservation: Refrigeration for meat, eggs stored dry
Uses: Meat and eggs
Value Addition: Dried, smoked meat, eggs processed

Friesian Cattle

Type: Dairy breed
Growing: 2–3 years to maturity
Housing: Clean barn, shade, ventilated
Feed: Quality pasture, supplements
Preservation: Milk refrigeration
Uses: Milk production
Value Addition: Cheese, yogurt, butter

Jersey Cattle

Type: Dairy breed
Growing: 2–3 years to maturity
Housing: Shade, dry barn
Feed: Pasture, concentrated feed
Preservation: Milk refrigeration
Uses: Milk and dairy products
Value Addition: Cheese, cream, butter

Local Cattle

Type: Indigenous breed
Growing: Hardy, adapted to local environment
Housing: Simple shelter
Feed: Grass, crop residues
Preservation: Milk refrigeration, meat storage
Uses: Milk and meat
Value Addition: Cheese, butter, smoked meat

Boer Goat

Type: Meat breed
Growing: 6–12 months to market weight
Housing: Fenced, dry shelter
Feed: Pasture, supplementary feed
Preservation: Meat refrigeration
Uses: Meat production
Value Addition: Processed meat, sausages, dried

Saanen Goat

Type: Dairy breed
Growing: 1–2 years to milk maturity
Housing: Shelter, clean environment
Feed: Grass, hay, concentrated feed
Preservation: Milk refrigeration
Uses: Milk production
Value Addition: Cheese, yogurt, soap

Local Goat

Type: Indigenous breed
Growing: Hardy, fast growth
Housing: Minimal shelter
Feed: Pasture, crop residues
Preservation: Meat refrigeration
Uses: Meat and milk
Value Addition: Cheese, dried meat

Tilapia

Type: Freshwater fish
Growing: 6–9 months to market size
Housing: Ponds, tanks
Feed: Commercial pellets, natural feed
Preservation: Refrigeration, freezing
Uses: Meat consumption
Value Addition: Smoked, dried, fillets

Japanese Quail

Type: Egg and meat breed
Growing: 6–8 weeks to maturity
Housing: Small cages, clean environment
Feed: Balanced quail feed
Preservation: Eggs cool, meat refrigerated
Uses: Eggs, meat
Value Addition: Boiled eggs, processed meat

Rhode Island Red Chicken

Type: Dual-purpose (eggs & meat)
Growing: 20–24 weeks
Housing: Coop with nesting boxes
Feed: Layer feed, grains
Preservation: Eggs cool, meat refrigerated
Uses: Eggs and meat
Value Addition: Egg powder, smoked meat

Sussex Chicken

Type: Dual-purpose breed
Growing: 18–22 weeks
Housing: Coop with free-range access
Feed: Balanced feed
Preservation: Eggs cool, meat refrigerated
Uses: Eggs and meat
Value Addition: Processed eggs, smoked meat

Nile Tilapia

Type: Freshwater fish
Growing: 6–9 months
Housing: Ponds, tanks
Feed: Pellets, natural feed
Preservation: Refrigeration/freezing
Uses: Meat
Value Addition: Fillets, smoked, dried

Mozambique Tilapia

Type: Freshwater fish
Growing: 6–9 months
Housing: Ponds, tanks
Feed: Pellets
Preservation: Refrigeration/freezing
Uses: Meat
Value Addition: Smoked, dried, fillets

Common Carp

Type: Freshwater fish
Growing: 8–12 months
Housing: Ponds
Feed: Grains, pellets
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Meat
Value Addition: Smoked, fillets, dried

Grass Carp

Type: Herbivorous freshwater fish
Growing: 10–12 months
Housing: Ponds
Feed: Aquatic plants
Preservation: Refrigeration
Uses: Meat
Value Addition: Fillets, smoked, dried

Brahman Cattle

Type: Beef breed
Growing: 3–4 years
Housing: Open barn, shade
Feed: Pasture, supplements
Preservation: Meat refrigeration
Uses: Meat
Value Addition: Processed beef

Hereford Cattle

Type: Beef breed
Growing: 3–4 years
Housing: Open barn, shade
Feed: Pasture, hay
Preservation: Meat refrigeration
Uses: Meat
Value Addition: Processed beef

Ayrshire Cattle

Type: Dairy breed
Growing: 2–3 years
Housing: Barn, shade
Feed: Pasture, concentrate feed
Preservation: Milk refrigeration
Uses: Milk
Value Addition: Cheese, yogurt, butter

Soil Types & Management

Alluvial Soil

Texture: Fertile, silty or sandy
Water Retention: Good
Suitable Crops: Rice, wheat, sugarcane
Amendments: Organic matter to maintain fertility
pH: Neutral to slightly alkaline
Management: Crop rotation, irrigation management
Value Addition: High yield cereal and cash crops

Marsh Soil

Texture: Water-logged, rich organic matter
Water Retention: Very high
Suitable Crops: Rice, water-tolerant vegetables
Amendments: Drainage management
pH: Acidic to neutral
Management: Proper drainage, avoid salinity buildup
Value Addition: Good for wetland horticulture

Peaty Marsh Soil

Texture: High organic content, dark
Water Retention: Very high
Suitable Crops: Leafy vegetables, cranberries
Amendments: Lime for acidity
pH: Acidic
Management: Drainage, compost addition
Value Addition: Organic horticulture, high-value crops

Clay Loam

Texture: Mix of clay and loam
Water Retention: Moderate to high
Suitable Crops: Vegetables, legumes
Amendments: Compost, organic matter
pH: Neutral
Management: Avoid compaction, till properly
Value Addition: Fertile soil for diverse crops

Silty Loam

Texture: Smooth, fine particles
Water Retention: Good
Suitable Crops: Vegetables, cereals
Amendments: Compost, organic matter
pH: Neutral
Management: Prevent erosion, mulching
Value Addition: Good for nursery and commercial crops

Sandy Loam

Texture: Sandy with some silt and clay
Water Retention: Moderate
Suitable Crops: Carrots, lettuce, maize
Amendments: Organic matter for fertility
pH: Neutral
Management: Mulching, irrigation
Value Addition: Root vegetable production

Loamy Sand

Texture: Sandy dominant with some loam
Water Retention: Low to moderate
Suitable Crops: Melons, peanuts, sweet potatoes
Amendments: Organic matter, compost
pH: Neutral
Management: Frequent irrigation
Value Addition: High drainage supports root crops

Red Soil

Texture: Clay and sand mix, rich in iron
Water Retention: Moderate
Suitable Crops: Groundnuts, cotton, cereals
Amendments: Organic matter, lime
pH: Slightly acidic
Management: Mulching, soil fertility management
Value Addition: Fertile for specific cash crops

Black Soil

Texture: Clay-rich, retains moisture
Water Retention: High
Suitable Crops: Cotton, maize, pulses
Amendments: Organic matter
pH: Neutral to slightly alkaline
Management: Proper drainage
Value Addition: Excellent for cotton cultivation

Lateritic Loam

Texture: Red-brown, iron-rich
Water Retention: Moderate
Suitable Crops: Tea, coffee, coconut
Amendments: Compost
pH: Slightly acidic
Management: Mulching, crop rotation
Value Addition: Supports perennial crops

Acidic Soil

Texture: Sandy or loamy
Water Retention: Moderate
Suitable Crops: Tea, coffee, leafy vegetables
Amendments: Lime to neutralize acidity
pH: Below 6
Management: Regular liming, organic matter
Value Addition: Fertile for specialty crops

Peaty Loam

Texture: Dark, organic-rich, spongy
Water Retention: High
Suitable Crops: Leafy vegetables, berries
Amendments: Lime for acidity
pH: Acidic
Management: Drainage, mulching
Value Addition: Organic high-value crops

Saline-Sodic Soil

Texture: Salt-affected, clay
Water Retention: Moderate
Suitable Crops: Barley, sugar beet, salt-tolerant vegetables
Amendments: Gypsum, leaching
pH: Alkaline
Management: Drainage, irrigation control
Value Addition: Specialized crop production

Coastal Soil

Texture: Sandy to loamy
Water Retention: Low to moderate
Suitable Crops: Coconut, Suitable Crops: Coconut, cashew, tropical fruits
Amendments: Organic matter, compost
pH: Slightly acidic to neutral
Management: Irrigation, prevent salinity
Value Addition: Good for high-value coastal crops

Marshy Clay

Texture: Heavy clay, water-logged
Water Retention: Very high
Suitable Crops: Rice, taro, water vegetables
Amendments: Drainage channels, compost
pH: Neutral to slightly acidic
Management: Proper drainage, crop rotation
Value Addition: Supports wetland horticulture

Aquaculture Pond Soil

Texture: Loamy or clay
Water Retention: High
Suitable Crops: Tilapia, catfish ponds
Amendments: Lime to maintain pH, organic feed residues
pH: Neutral to slightly alkaline
Management: Maintain pond floor, avoid pollution
Value Addition: Optimal for aquaculture yield

Riverine Soil

Texture: Silty and fertile
Water Retention: Good
Suitable Crops: Rice, vegetables, fruits
Amendments: Compost, organic matter
pH: Neutral
Management: Erosion control, periodic fertilization
Value Addition: High fertility for cash crops

Peaty Bog Soil

Texture: Organic-rich, spongy
Water Retention: Very high
Suitable Crops: Cranberries, bog vegetables
Amendments: Lime for acidity
pH: Acidic
Management: Drainage, mulching, organic matter
Value Addition: High-value organic production

Rocky Soil

Texture: Stony, shallow
Water Retention: Low
Suitable Crops: Grapes, olives, hardy perennials
Amendments: Organic matter, raised beds
pH: Neutral to alkaline
Management: Erosion control, terrace farming
Value Addition: Ideal for vineyards and specialty crops

Mixed Horticultural Soil

Texture: Balanced mix of sand, silt, clay, compost
Water Retention: Good
Suitable Crops: Vegetables, herbs, fruits
Amendments: Compost, organic fertilizers
pH: Neutral
Management: Regular mulching, irrigation
Value Addition: Optimal for nursery and commercial horticulture

Water Calendar & Management

Drip Irrigation

Description: Delivers water directly to plant roots through tubing
Suitable Crops: Vegetables, fruits, high-value crops
Frequency: Daily or as per soil moisture
Advantages: Water-efficient, reduces evaporation
Management: Check for clogging, filter water
Value Addition: Improves crop yield and quality

Sprinkler Irrigation

Description: Sprays water over crops like rainfall
Suitable Crops: Cabbage, lettuce, maize, rice seedlings
Frequency: 2–3 times per week
Advantages: Even distribution, covers large areas
Management: Check nozzle performance
Value Addition: Reduces manual labor

Surface Flood Irrigation

Description: Water flows over soil surface
Suitable Crops: Rice, sugarcane, vegetables
Frequency: Every 3–5 days depending on crop
Advantages: Simple, low-cost
Management: Proper leveling, avoid waterlogging
Value Addition: Good for paddy fields

Furrow Irrigation

Description: Water flows in small channels between crop rows
Suitable Crops: Maize, beans, vegetables
Frequency: Every 2–4 days
Advantages: Efficient for row crops
Management: Maintain furrow depth, avoid erosion
Value Addition: Reduces water wastage

Manual Watering

Description: Using buckets, cans, or hoses
Suitable Crops: Small vegetable plots, herbs
Frequency: Daily or as per soil moisture
Advantages: Low-cost, flexible
Management: Even distribution, avoid overwatering
Value Addition: Good for home gardens and nurseries

Livestock Watering

Description: Clean, fresh water for animals
Suitable Animals: Cattle, goats, sheep, poultry
Frequency: Twice daily or more in hot climates
Advantages: Healthy growth and production
Management: Clean troughs, prevent contamination
Value Addition: Improved milk, meat, and egg yield

Aquaculture Water Management

Description: Maintain pond water quality
Suitable Species: Tilapia, catfish, prawns
Frequency: Continuous monitoring
Advantages: Prevents disease, improves growth
Management: Oxygenation, pH, temperature, cleaning
Value Addition: High survival and yield

Rainwater Harvesting

Description: Collecting and storing rainwater for later use
Suitable Uses: Irrigation, livestock, aquaculture
Advantages: Reduces dependency on wells and rivers
Management: Clean storage tanks, filter debris
Value Addition: Sustainable water supply

Subsurface Irrigation

Description: Water delivered below soil surface to roots
Suitable Crops: Vegetables, fruit trees
Frequency: Continuous or controlled intervals
Advantages: Minimizes evaporation, efficient water use
Management: Check for blockages
Value Addition: Enhances yield and water efficiency

Controlled Flooding

Description: Flooding fields to a set depth
Suitable Crops: Rice, taro
Frequency: Every 5–7 days depending on crop
Advantages: Supports water-loving crops
Management: Monitor water depth, prevent waterlogging
Value Addition: High yield for paddy fields

Overhead Sprinklers

Description: Sprays water from above like rain
Suitable Crops: Vegetables, fruits, maize
Frequency: 2–3 times per week
Advantages: Even coverage, reduces manual labor
Management: Check nozzle angles and pressure
Value Addition: Promotes uniform growth

Micro Sprinklers

Description: Low-volume sprinkler for small areas
Suitable Crops: Orchards, nurseries
Frequency: Daily or alternate days
Advantages: Water-efficient, precise
Management: Regular maintenance, filter water
Value Addition: Reduces water waste, boosts yield

Sub-irrigation for Nurseries

Description: Water delivered from below trays or containers
Suitable Crops: Seedlings, herbs, small vegetables
Frequency: As required, monitor soil moisture
Advantages: Reduces overwatering, promotes strong roots
Management: Clean trays, monitor moisture level
Value Addition: Healthy nursery plants

Automated Livestock Drinkers

Description: Continuous supply of water through sensors
Suitable Animals: Poultry, goats, pigs, cattle
Frequency: Continuous
Advantages: Prevents dehydration, labor-saving
Management: Regular cleaning, check sensor operation
Value Addition: Consistent growth, better production

Gravity-fed Channels

Description: Water delivered from elevated source
Suitable Crops: Rice, vegetables, pasture
Frequency: Continuous or periodic
Advantages: Low energy cost
Management: Maintain channels, avoid leaks
Value Addition: Efficient water distribution

Water Tanks

Description: Stored water for irrigation or livestock
Suitable Uses: All crops, poultry, aquaculture
Frequency: As required
Advantages: Emergency water supply, controlled use
Management: Clean tanks, prevent algae growth
Value Addition: Reliable water source during dry seasons

Pond-based Irrigation

Description: Pumps water from farm ponds to crops
Suitable Crops: Rice, vegetables, fruits
Frequency: As needed
Advantages: Efficient use of pond water
Management: Maintain pond levels, filter debris
Value Addition: Reduces dependency on wells or rivers

Aquaponics Water Management

Description: Recirculated water from fish tanks to plants
Suitable Crops: Leafy vegetables, herbs
Frequency: Continuous circulation
Advantages: Nutrient-rich water, efficient
Management: Monitor pH, dissolved oxygen
Value Addition: Sustainable food production

Rain-fed Irrigation

Description: Relies entirely on natural rainfall
Suitable Crops: Cereals, pulses, vegetables
Frequency: Seasonal, depends on rainfall
Advantages: No extra cost
Management: Mulching, soil moisture retention
Value Addition: Environmentally sustainable

Water Recycling / Greywater

Description: Reuse of treated household/farm water
Suitable Uses: Vegetables, orchards, livestock
Frequency: As per crop/animal needs
Advantages: Conserves water, reduces wastage
Management: Ensure proper treatment, prevent contamination
Value Addition: Sustainable and cost-saving